プログラム

Overview：
Most of the infectious diseases caused by bacteria, virus, protozoa has been emerging and reemerging in all parts of the world and threatening human health are zoonoses which is forming an infection ring between animals and human. In addition, certain pathogens, which inhabit in environment, cause infection occasionally to animals and human. For the control of infectious diseases, it is crucial to elucidate the ecology of pathogens in the nature, the spread route, the host range and the molecular basis of pathogenicity. And it is important to establish methods for prevention, diagnosis and treatment by utilizing obtained knowledge and implement these in the field. To that end, it is indispensable to perform approaches not only from the view point of human medicine but also from that of veterinary medicine and environmental science, so-called "One Health approach". Well-known prominent researchers in the field of bacteriology from Ireland, United Kingdom and Japan will discuss the control of the bacterial infectious disease through a One Health approach.

Speakers：Stephen Gordon(University Collage Dublin)、Apichai Tuanyok(Dept. Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Emerging Pathogens Institutes, Univ. Florida)、Motoyuki Sugai（National Institute of Infectious Diseases）、Chie Nakajima（Hokkaido University）

Overview：
Bacterial cells proliferate by repeating cell elongation and cell division. In these processes, cytoskeletal proteins such as bacteria actin and tubulin play important functions. Among cell functions controlled by cytoskeletal proteins, cell wall synthesis is particularly essential for cell survival. However, cytoskeletal proteins are not required for proliferation in a special state called L-form lacking cell walls. On the other hand, mycoplasma originally lacking cell wall has multiple cytoskeletal proteins. In this symposium, we will provide and discuss five topics of advanced research on various molecular mechanisms controlling cellular functions.

Speakers：Hiroyoshi Matsumura（Ritsumeikan University）、Robert Robinson（the Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University）、Yoshikazu Kawai（Newcastle University）、Makoto Miyata（Osaka City University）、Daisuke Shiomi（Rikkyo University）

Overview：
While some people have a view that viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells are in a state of dying, there are several reports that the VBNC is in the dormant state and capable of growing again, which plays important roles in the survival of cells and pathogens' infection. The slow-growing or growth-arrested persister cells downshift the metabolisms or change alternative metabolic pathway for long-term survival. They are tolerant of harsh conditions such as antibiotics treatments are responsible for the establishment of chronic infections, making it difficult to treat infectious diseases. In this symposium,leading researchers on dormancy or persister of microorganisms present their recent findings and develop our understanding on molecular mechanisms of dormant and awakening in various microorganisms, as well as significances of dormancy on microorganisms' strategies against survival and infection.

Speakers：Shinya Sugimoto（The Jikei University School of Medicine）、Tsutomu Sato（Hosei University）、Naoki Takaya（Tsukuba University）、Satoshi Tsuneda（Waseda University）、Akifumi Nishiyama（Niigata University）

Overview：
The human body is covered by skin and mucosa, which serve to form the front-line barrier constituting the frontier between the internal milieu and external environment. Host barrier components provide highly organized physical, chemical, and biological defense systems that have adapted to protect underlying tissues from external aggression. Microbial interactions with barrier factors are crucial events in the process of development of invasive infectious diseases. Despite the presence of a wide range of defense mechanisms, microbial pathogens have evolved to obtain various strategies to overcome the barrier system and reach deeper into organs, where they can proliferate, causing a severe disease condition for the host. Detailed knowledge of microbial virulence factors involved in utilization or disruption of barrier systems used to maintain the integrity of homeostasis in the host is critical for increasing understanding of infectious diseases. In this symposium, we would like to focus on the relationship between microbial infection and barrier dysfunction that leads to development of pathogen entry portals, including the skin, oral cavity, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina, as well as discuss how microbial pathogens overcome front-line barriers.

Speakers：Yuumi Matsuoka-Nakamura（Chiba University）、Kazuhiko Nakano（Osaka University）、Tomoko Sumitomo（Osaka University）、Hitomi Mimuro（Osaka University）、Norifumi Iijima（National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition）

Overview：
Lipids are used as energy sources, membrane components, and lipid mediators in our body, which have a profound impact on physical function. In addition, bacteria contain lipids as their components. It is known that lipid components peculiarly observed in bacteria act as ligands that activate the host immune system, thereby enhancing the defense function. Recently, the association between indigenous bacteria, mainly intestinal commensal bacteria, and host healthy condition has been noticed. Accumulating evidence has revealed that intestinal bacteria metabolize lipids in the intestine and supply the lipid metabolites to the host, consequently influencing the host healthy condition. In this session, we would like to share the cutting-edge information about "lipid-initiated immunosurveillance against infectious diseases" and "intestinal bacteria-mediated lipid metabolism in the health and diseases".

Speakers：Jun Ogawa（Kyoto University）、Sho Yamasaki（Osaka University）、Yuki Kinjo（Jikei Univ Sch Med）、Jun Kunisawa（NIBIOHN）、Yukari Fujimoto（Keio University）

Overview：
Microorganisms not only cause diseases in the host, but also have a symbiotic relationship with the host. These microbe-host interactions have shaped genome diversity of both microbe and host. In particular, microorganism has altered specific genes to cause diseases in or to establish a symbiotic relationship with the host, whereas host has also altered specific genes to induce immune response against or to have a symbiotic relationship with microorganism. To uncover these complex interactions between microbial and host genomes, genomic epidemiology and large-scale genomic analysis are the keys to the approach.
This symposium will introduce and discuss recent insights into the interaction between microbial and host genomes.

Speakers：Yukinori Okada（Osaka University）、Katsushi Tokunaga（The University of Tokyo）、Akihiro Fujimoto（Kyoto University）、Yoshio Yamaoka（Oita University）

Overview：
The antibiotic resistance are global public health concern. In 2015, WHO endorsed a global action plan to tackle antibiotic resistance. In this plan, WHO recommend to perform “One Health (connecting human – animal - environmental health)” approach. Under such a background, bacteriologist tackle problems by using not only basic microbiological data but also next-generation sequencing data. On the other hand, clinicians take action to promote of information about antibiotic resistance. In this joint symposium, 4 invited speakers introduce the each effort against antibiotic resistance to connect the bacteriology and medical practice. This symposium will give the time to enhance the future research about combating antibiotic resistance.

Speakers：Masato Suzuki（National Institute of Infectious Diseases）、Akira Fukuda（Osaka Instutute of Public Health）、Nobuaki Matsunaga (National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital)、Yuho Horikoshi（Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center）

Overview：
To understand the virulence factor is one of the important research theme to know the pathogenicity of bacteria. This also has been intensively investigated for many years. There are many studies on virulence factor that show the new development by the recent improvement of analytical instruments and devices as well as continuous studies. Here, we would like to introduce the new insights of virulence factors on adhesion/invasion, immune evasion, and toxin/effector etc.

Speakers：Toshio Kodama（Osaka University）、Yoshitoshi Ogura（Kyushu University）、Kaito Chikara（University of Tokyo）、Hisanori Domon（Niigata University）

Overview：
Fungal infections have been dramatically increasing due to an aging population and advanced medical treatments such as organ transplantation and chemotherapies for cancer. Consequently, global market of antifungal drugs expanded more than double in this decade. Effective therapies and available drugs for fungal infections have been currently limited, because fungi are eukaryotes as well as mammals and the infectious mechanisms of fungal pathogens largely remain unknown. Furthermore, the appearance of resistant strains to antifungal drugs has been increasingly reported. These issues, therefore, motivate us to develop novel antifungals. Actually, many different approaches have been used in on-going studies to understand fungal nature including infection mechanisms. Unfortunately, the chance to discuss in parallel has been rarely due to their diversities. The speakers in this session show the recent progresses from their standing points such as bioinformatics and infection study using non-animal model. In addition, we have a speech of the status quo and future to develop antifungal drugs. This session will provide the excellent opportunity to discuss future fungal researches as well as to follow up a frontline of approaches for understanding ”fungi” and the infection.

Speakers：Takashi Sugita（Meiji Pharmaceutical University）、Yasuhiko Matsumoto（Teikyo University）、Hiroki Takahashi （Chiba University）、Junichi Mitsuyama（FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd.）、Daigo Aiuchi（Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine）

Overview：
In 2017, World Health Organization (WHO) released the list of world’s most dangerous “superbugs” which we need to create strategies for tackling. Antimicrobial resistance threatens the effective prevention and treatment of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. Antibiotics have long been used as lethal weapons but we are now facing new era to find new strategies. Some organisms are known to use antibiotics as signal compounds for cell-cell communications, form a biofilm to protect themselves from antibiotics, and most importantly, are acquiring multiple antibiotic resistance. Also antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes are now widespread causing serious environmental and health concerns. In this session, speakers will give talks on the latest studies to address these important and urgent issues.

Speakers：Motoyuki Sugai（National Institute of Infectious Diseases）、Yoshikazu Ishii（Toho University）、Hiroyuki Kusada（National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)）、Nobuhiko Nomura（University of Tsukuba）、Satoru Suzuki（Ehime University）

Overview：
Recycle and utilization of bioelements is indispensable to make the planet earth sustainable. Microorganisms, mainly bacteria, are central in the whole processes on these bioelements. Especially, conversion of various nitrogen compounds,except cellular molecules including proteins and nucleic acids, have been strongly driven by activities of microorganisms.
Groundbreaking discoveries, e.g., discovery of complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) leads to revisit and redefinition of nitrogen cycle in natural environments and nitrogen conversions toward engineered systems. Such discoveries are attributed to development of state-of-the-art analytical technologies, awaiting further discoveries on unexplored functions and phylogenies of microorganisms responsible for nitrogen metabolisms. Furthermore, bacteria capable of fixing nitrogen and conserving CN ratio in soils upon forming symbiosis with various plants, distinct from Rhizobia coexisting with Legumes, have been discovered. The presence of these nitrogen-fixing bacteria and anti-denitrifying bacteria may be deeply involved in evolution strategies.
The symposium therefore focuses on newly found bacteria functioning nitrogen metabolisms, including symbionts interacting with plants, and the relevant state-of-the-art analytical tools.

Speakers：Koba, Keisuke（Kyoto University）、Okabe, Satoshi（Hokkaido University）、Terada, Akihiko（Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology）、Yasuyuki, Hashidoko（Hokkaido University）、Morikawa, Masaaki（Hokkaido University）

Overview：
New strategies are needed for vaccine development particularly against emerging/reemerging infectious diseases. The present session will provide an overview of recent vaccine development efforts through research in bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) and others. Some issues of current vaccine system will also be raised from a clinical view point.
Bacteria commonly release MVs ranging in size from 20 to 250 nm in diameter. MVs are structurally/functionally stable proteoliposomes, which contains virulence factors, immunodominant antigens, and trigger molecules to stimulate innate immune responses. Recent advances in MV research suggest implications for the various biological functions, as well as possible mechanisms behind MV production. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that a low dose of MVs has a potential as vaccine antigen with self-adjuvanticity. Extensive efforts have been also made to develop MV over-expression system or to generate chimeric MVs carrying exogenous antigens. Nevertheless, human vaccine development is always challenging, because practical vaccine for humans must satisfy the following strict requirements: vaccine efficacy, safety, low cost, minimally invasive approaches, drug stability, and so on.
This symposium will provide opportunities for young researchers to present the respective original work as well as for audiences to have fruitful discussion, which would hopefully act as a driving force for novel vaccine development.

Speakers：Soichiro Kimura（Toho University）、Ryoma Nakao（National Institute of Infectious Diseases）、Akira Ainai（National Institute of Infectious Diseases）、Takehiro Yamaguchi（Osaka City University）、Nozomu Obana（University of Tsukuba）、Tomoo Saga（Akita University）

Overview：
We will be outlined the advanced and innovative researches from the AMED fund winners in Japanese Society for Bacteriology. In addition, we expect that the young researchers in our society will be inspired by hearing the episodes and advice from AMED fund winners.

Speakers：Hiroshi Ashida（Tokyo Medical and Dental University ）、Yoshiyuki Goto（Chiba University）、Mitsuo Sakamoto（RIKEN）、Yukako Fujinaga（Kanazawa University）、Ichiro Nakagawa（Kyoto University）

Overview：
An infection is known as a major selective pressure and host-pathogen interactions contribute to shaping the genetic diversity of both organisms. Such conflicts between host and pathogens lead to an evolutionary arms races termed the “Red Queen” scenario. Hosts are under pressure to evolve for resistance against pathogens, while pathogens respond to develop countermeasures to evade host immunity and achieve an infection. Improper use of antibiotics or some vaccines is known to create evolutionary pressure that drives bacterial species to acquire unwanted drug resistance or shift to a non-vaccine-covered serotype. Protein regions along the host-pathogen interface are subjected to the strongest selective pressure and various studies have reported adaptive evolution of genes related to mammalian immune systems, such as pattern recognition receptors. In this session, we present a novel evolutional approach in the field of microbiology for elucidating genetic conflicts between bacteriophages and bacteria, as well as the roles of human glycans and immune receptors in the process of infection. We consider that this new approach provides greater clarity for understanding host-pathogen interactions.

Speakers：Masaya Yamaguchi（Osaka University）、Yuko Naito（Kobe Pharmaceutical University）、Kouyuki Hirayasu（Kanazawa University）、Hidetomo Iwano（Rakuno Gakuen University）、

Overview：
This session is a joint workshop with Japanese Society for Bacteriology and American Society for Microbiology (ASM). The demand of natural science including bacteriology has been increasing as seen in the increased international competitions and collaborations. In this session, we will examine the influence of Japan's bacteriology on the international community, how Japanese bacteriology appears from international society or overseas bacteriologists and what kind of expectation is given to Japanese bacteriological research. In addition, we also discuss about how young bacteriology researchers, who are the players of this field in the future, can get the ability to compete and collaborate with overseas researchers, how to make their own achievements in major international journals like ASM journals.I would like to discuss the future development of bacteriology research in Japan beyond the barriers between senior and young researchers.

Speakers：Yohei Doi（Fujita Health University/University of Pittsburgh）、Kiyofumi Ohkusu（Tokyo Medical University）、Kotaro Aoki（Toho University）、Sizuo Kayama（Hiroshima University）、Shinya Watanabe（Jichi Medical University）

Overview：
Long-read sequencers from Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) recently enabled us to conduct novel sequencing analysis such as ultra-long DNA sequencing (longer than 2 Mbp), direct RNA sequencing, and detection of both DNA and RNA base modifications including methylation, possibly leads to discovery of novel biological phenomenon. Also, the portable size sequencer MinION from ONT enabled us to conduct sequencing anywhere in the world, which is quite useful for international collaboration in the era of Nagoya Protocol. In this session, we will discuss the impact of the technologies on bacterial genomic analysis by introducing updated information on long-read sequencing technologies and bioinformatics applications for analysis of long reads, together with specific studies on genomics, epigenomics, and metagenomics of bacterial isolates from humans, animals, and environment.

Speakers：Mari Miyamoto（Oxford Nanopore Technologies）、Masato Suzuki（AMR Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases）、Yoshihiko Hoshino（Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases）、Yoshikazu Furuta（Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University）、Wataru Suda（RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences）、Kazuharu Arakawa（Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University）

Overview：
Legionella are Gram-negative bacteria ubiquitously found in soil and fresh water environments. Upon inhalalation, Legionella infect and replicate within alveolar macrophages, resulting in a severe form of pneumonia, known as legionnaires' disease. L. pneumophila serogroup 1 has been believed to be the most important pathogenic organism, but recent studies suggest the involvement of L. longbeachae in Australia and New Zealand. Besides, recent basic researches have revealed new structures and functions of both effectors and secretion systems important for pathogenesis. In this workshop, we'd like to invite researchers of both clinical and basic areas of Legionella studies together to discuss new development of Legionella studies.

Speakers：Chiaki Kajiwara（Toho University）、Junko Maekawa（National Institute of Infectious Diseases）、Masaki Miyake（University Of Shizuoka）、Kenta Watanabe（Yamaguchi Univ.）、Torahiko Okubo（Hokkaido University）、Kohei Arasaki（Tokyo Univ, Pharm and Life Sci.）

Overview：
WAKATE colosseum for bacteriology (WAKACOLO) is a scientific meeting started 12 years ago. WAKACOLO is intended to provide an opportunity for young scientists in the bacteriology field to challenge each other and blush up individuals as a scientist. In WAKACOLO, young scientists from different fields come together and exchange honest opinions. Therefore, WAKACOLO not only helps the attendees improve themselves as scientists but also assists networking and even expanding the range of bacteriology in Japan. Unfortunately, WAKACOLO 2018 was cancelled due to Typhoon, but WAKACOLO has already started moving forward for the next meeting in Miyagi. In this workshop, we, WAKACOLO organizers, will give a talk, and then show the upside of WALACOLO, diversity of topics and frontier spirit of young scientists. We believe that our passion stimulates both seiner and future young scientists,and then brings a breath of fresh air into the bacteriology society.

Speakers：Hirokazu Yano（Tohoku University）、Go Kamoshida（Teikyo University）、Mizue Anda（Tokyo University）、Norihiko Takemoto（NCGM）、Seiji Yamasaki（Osaka University）、Yuta Koganezawa（University of Tokyo）